Shear flow increases S-nitrosylation of proteins in endothelial cells.

AIMS Endothelial cells (ECs) constantly exposed to shear flow increase nitric oxide production via the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide-mediated S-nitrosylation has recently been identified as an important post-translational modification that may alter signalling and/or protein function. S-nitrosylation of endothelial proteins after shear flow treatment has not been fully explored. In this study, the CyDye switch method was utilized to examine S-nitrosylated proteins in ECs after exposure to shear flow. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein ECs were subjected to shear flow for 30 min, and S-nitrosylated proteins were detected by the CyDye switch method. In principle, free thiols in proteins become blocked by alkylation, the S-nitrosylated bond is reduced by ascorbate, and then CyDye labels proteins. Proteins that separately labelled with Cy3 or Cy5 were mixed and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for further analysis. More than 100 S-nitrosoproteins were detected in static and shear-treated ECs. Among these, 12 major proteins of heterogeneous function showed a significant increase in S-nitrosylation following shear flow. The S-nitrosylated residues in tropomyosin and vimentin, which were localized in the hydrophobic motif of each protein, were identified as Cys170 and Cys328, respectively. CONCLUSION Post-translational S-nitrosylation of proteins in ECs can be detected by a reliable CyDye switch method. This flow-induced S-nitrosylation of endothelial proteins may be essential for the adaptation and remodelling of ECs under flow conditions.